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Net Letter
89 (
6
); 927-927
doi:
10.25259/IJDVL_75_2023
pmid:
37317759

Acrodermatitis dysmetabolica with argininosuccinate lyase deficiency

Department of Dermatology, Division of Metabolism, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolism, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey

Corresponding author: Dr. Ferdi Öztürk, Department of Dermatology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey. ferdiozturk@uludag.edu.tr

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, transform, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Öztürk F, Ünlü CI, Sarıcaoğlu H, Aydoğan K, Erdöl Ş. Acrodermatitis dysmetabolica with argininosuccinate lyase deficiency. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2023;89:927

Dear Editor,

Argininosuccinic aciduria is an autosomal recessive inherited rare genetic disorder characterised by deficiency or lack of the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) which catalyses the fourth reaction in the urea cycle. ASL deficiency (ASLD) is the second most common urea cycle defect.1

Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like condition is caused by acquired zinc deficiency or a disorder of amino acid or fatty acid metabolism and it presents with similar features to acrodermatitis enteropathica. Recently, the term acrodermatitis dysmetabolica was used to describe eruptions that resemble acrodermatitis enteropathica but are caused by dietary deficits other than zinc.2 There are a few cases in literature reporting acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions and most of these are due to the over-restriction of branched chain amino acids in the diet due to amino acid metabolism disorders such as organic acidurias, neonatal citrullinemia,3 ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC)4 and even cystic fibrosis.5

Here, we report a case with a skin rash similar to acrodermatitis enteropathica with ASLD.

An 18-month-old girl born to non-consanguineous parents, who was diagnosed with ASLD was admitted to the emergency service of our university hospital with complaints of poor general health and recurrent eruptions of 10 days’ duration. The genetic mutation analysis confirmed the diagnosis of ASLD. She was taking a low-protein formula, l-arginine and sodium benzoate. The patient was evaluated in the emergency service. Laboratory studies revealed hyperammonemia (102 µmol/L, normal range 18–72 µmol/L), low levels of the amino acids arginine (8.61 µmol/L, normal range 12–133 µmol/L), isoleucine (12.73 µmol/L, normal range 31–86 µmol/L) and phenylalanine (19.54 µmol/L, normal range 31–75 µmol/L). Serum total protein and albumin levels were low. Arterial blood pH was 7.506 (normal range 7.35–7.45). Dermatological examination revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the face, occipital, acral and diaper region, especially in the perioral region, cheilitis, glossitis and brittle hair [Figures 1a, 1b and 1c]. The preliminary diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica, acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions and atopic dermatitis were considered. We suggested that the patient should be checked for serum zinc level, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and a potassium hydroxide (KOH) smear examination for lesions in the diaper region. The patient had been previously diagnosed with ASLD and serum zinc level was normal at the time of diagnosis. Results of the KOH smear were negative. The patient was treated with wet dressing with saline, a moisturizing cream and a combination of fusidic acid and hydrocortisone acetate cream to be applied twice a day for 5 days. We recommended continuing with only fusidic acid cream after 5 days. Necessary dietary supplementation of the patient was made by paediatricians. Two weeks later, the patient’s lesions completely regressed [Figures 2a, 2b and 2c].

Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the face
Figure 1a
Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the face
Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the acral region
Figure 1b
Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the acral region
Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the diaper region
Figure 1c
Lesions at the initial evaluation revealed erythematous, scaly, slightly oozing plaques with mild erosions on the diaper region
Two weeks later lesions on the face were completely regressed
Figure 2a
Two weeks later lesions on the face were completely regressed
Two weeks later lesions on the acral region were completely regressed
Figure 2b
Two weeks later lesions on the acral region were completely regressed
Two weeks later lesions on the diaper region were completely regressed
Figure 2c
Two weeks later lesions on the diaper region were completely regressed

Acquired zinc deficiency is associated with low serum zinc levels and alkaline phosphatase. They are generally normal in acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions associated with metabolic disorders.2 Several cases of acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions associated with a raised plasma leucine/isoleucine ratio and/or isoleucine deficiency or valine deficiency, resulting from therapeutic protein restriction diets with different aminoacidopathies, have been described in infants.2 In our patient, serum zinc level measured in the first month was normal and the initial symptoms appeared even though the zinc level was normal. Nevertheless, when the patient was consulted, serum zinc and albumin levels were low and ALP was normal. Serum zinc level is affected by some factors such as age and serum albumin level. The serum zinc level of our patient may have been found to be low due to the low albumin value. Since albumin is the main transporter of serum zinc, patients with hypoalbuminemia may have low serum zinc. The protein restriction imposed on our patient to treat her ASLD led to abnormally low levels of the amino acids arginine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine which are known to be essential components of epidermal keratins. Our patient’s skin lesions improved with replacement of arginine and a reduction in the severity of her protein restriction allowed arginine, isoleucine and phenylalanine levels to normalise. There have been several reports of acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions in association with inborn errors of the urea cycle, in citrullinemia associated with argininosuccinate synthase deficiency and in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, as well as in OTC deficiency.2 An acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption due to ASLD has not been reported before. In conclusion, ASLD should be considered along with other urea cycle defects in the differential diagnosis of an infant with acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruptions.

Declaration of patient consent

Patient’s consent not required as patients identity is not disclosed or compromised.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

References

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