Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
15th National Conference of the IAOMFP, Chennai, 2006
Abstract
Abstracts from current literature
Acne in India: Guidelines for management - IAA Consensus Document
Addendum
Announcement
Art & Psychiatry
Article
Articles
Association Activities
Association Notes
Award Article
Book Review
Brief Report
Case Analysis
Case Letter
Case Letters
Case Notes
Case Report
Case Reports
Clinical and Laboratory Investigations
Clinical Article
Clinical Studies
Clinical Study
Commentary
Conference Oration
Conference Summary
Continuing Medical Education
Correspondence
Corrigendum
Cosmetic Dermatology
Cosmetology
Current Best Evidence
Current Issue
Current View
Derma Quest
Dermato Surgery
Dermatopathology
Dermatosurgery Specials
Dispensing Pearl
Do you know?
Drug Dialogues
e-IJDVL
Editor Speaks
Editorial
Editorial Remarks
Editorial Report
Editorial Report - 2007
Editorial report for 2004-2005
Errata
Erratum
Focus
Fourth All India Conference Programme
From Our Book Shelf
From the Desk of Chief Editor
General
Get Set for Net
Get set for the net
Guest Article
Guest Editorial
History
How I Manage?
IADVL Announcement
IADVL Announcements
IJDVL Awards
IJDVL AWARDS 2015
IJDVL Awards 2018
IJDVL Awards 2019
IJDVL Awards 2020
IJDVL International Awards 2018
Images in Clinical Practice
Images in Dermatology
In Memorium
Inaugural Address
Index
Knowledge From World Contemporaries
Leprosy Section
Letter in Response to Previous Publication
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Letter to the Editor - Case Letter
Letter to the Editor - Letter in Response to Published Article
LETTER TO THE EDITOR - LETTERS IN RESPONSE TO PUBLISHED ARTICLES
Letter to the Editor - Observation Letter
Letter to the Editor - Study Letter
Letter to the Editor - Therapy Letter
Letter to the Editor: Articles in Response to Previously Published Articles
Letters in Response to Previous Publication
Letters to the Editor
Letters to the Editor - Letter in Response to Previously Published Articles
Letters to the Editor: Case Letters
Letters to the Editor: Letters in Response to Previously Published Articles
Media and news
Medicolegal Window
Messages
Miscellaneous Letter
Musings
Net Case
Net case report
Net Image
Net Images
Net Letter
Net Quiz
Net Study
New Preparations
News
News & Views
Obituary
Observation Letter
Observation Letters
Oration
Original Article
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Original Contributions
Pattern of Skin Diseases
Pearls
Pediatric Dermatology
Pediatric Rounds
Perspective
Presedential Address
Presidential Address
Presidents Remarks
Quiz
Recommendations
Regret
Report
Report of chief editor
Report of Hon : Treasurer IADVL
Report of Hon. General Secretary IADVL
Research Methdology
Research Methodology
Resident page
Resident's Page
Resident’s Page
Residents' Corner
Residents' Corner
Residents' Page
Retraction
Review
Review Article
Review Articles
Reviewers 2022
Revision Corner
Self Assessment Programme
SEMINAR
Seminar: Chronic Arsenicosis in India
Seminar: HIV Infection
Short Communication
Short Communications
Short Report
Snippets
Special Article
Specialty Interface
Studies
Study Letter
Study Letters
Supplement-Photoprotection
Supplement-Psoriasis
Symposium - Contact Dermatitis
Symposium - Lasers
Symposium - Pediatric Dermatoses
Symposium - Psoriasis
Symposium - Vesicobullous Disorders
SYMPOSIUM - VITILIGO
Symposium Aesthetic Surgery
Symposium Dermatopathology
Symposium-Hair Disorders
Symposium-Nails Part I
Symposium-Nails-Part II
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis
Tables
Technology
Therapeutic Guideline-IADVL
Therapeutic Guidelines
Therapeutic Guidelines - IADVL
Therapeutics
Therapy
Therapy Letter
Therapy Letters
View Point
Viewpoint
What’s new in Dermatology
Generic selectors
Exact matches only
Search in title
Search in content
Post Type Selectors
Search in posts
Search in pages
Filter by Categories
15th National Conference of the IAOMFP, Chennai, 2006
Abstract
Abstracts from current literature
Acne in India: Guidelines for management - IAA Consensus Document
Addendum
Announcement
Art & Psychiatry
Article
Articles
Association Activities
Association Notes
Award Article
Book Review
Brief Report
Case Analysis
Case Letter
Case Letters
Case Notes
Case Report
Case Reports
Clinical and Laboratory Investigations
Clinical Article
Clinical Studies
Clinical Study
Commentary
Conference Oration
Conference Summary
Continuing Medical Education
Correspondence
Corrigendum
Cosmetic Dermatology
Cosmetology
Current Best Evidence
Current Issue
Current View
Derma Quest
Dermato Surgery
Dermatopathology
Dermatosurgery Specials
Dispensing Pearl
Do you know?
Drug Dialogues
e-IJDVL
Editor Speaks
Editorial
Editorial Remarks
Editorial Report
Editorial Report - 2007
Editorial report for 2004-2005
Errata
Erratum
Focus
Fourth All India Conference Programme
From Our Book Shelf
From the Desk of Chief Editor
General
Get Set for Net
Get set for the net
Guest Article
Guest Editorial
History
How I Manage?
IADVL Announcement
IADVL Announcements
IJDVL Awards
IJDVL AWARDS 2015
IJDVL Awards 2018
IJDVL Awards 2019
IJDVL Awards 2020
IJDVL International Awards 2018
Images in Clinical Practice
Images in Dermatology
In Memorium
Inaugural Address
Index
Knowledge From World Contemporaries
Leprosy Section
Letter in Response to Previous Publication
Letter to Editor
Letter to the Editor
Letter to the Editor - Case Letter
Letter to the Editor - Letter in Response to Published Article
LETTER TO THE EDITOR - LETTERS IN RESPONSE TO PUBLISHED ARTICLES
Letter to the Editor - Observation Letter
Letter to the Editor - Study Letter
Letter to the Editor - Therapy Letter
Letter to the Editor: Articles in Response to Previously Published Articles
Letters in Response to Previous Publication
Letters to the Editor
Letters to the Editor - Letter in Response to Previously Published Articles
Letters to the Editor: Case Letters
Letters to the Editor: Letters in Response to Previously Published Articles
Media and news
Medicolegal Window
Messages
Miscellaneous Letter
Musings
Net Case
Net case report
Net Image
Net Images
Net Letter
Net Quiz
Net Study
New Preparations
News
News & Views
Obituary
Observation Letter
Observation Letters
Oration
Original Article
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Original Contributions
Pattern of Skin Diseases
Pearls
Pediatric Dermatology
Pediatric Rounds
Perspective
Presedential Address
Presidential Address
Presidents Remarks
Quiz
Recommendations
Regret
Report
Report of chief editor
Report of Hon : Treasurer IADVL
Report of Hon. General Secretary IADVL
Research Methdology
Research Methodology
Resident page
Resident's Page
Resident’s Page
Residents' Corner
Residents' Corner
Residents' Page
Retraction
Review
Review Article
Review Articles
Reviewers 2022
Revision Corner
Self Assessment Programme
SEMINAR
Seminar: Chronic Arsenicosis in India
Seminar: HIV Infection
Short Communication
Short Communications
Short Report
Snippets
Special Article
Specialty Interface
Studies
Study Letter
Study Letters
Supplement-Photoprotection
Supplement-Psoriasis
Symposium - Contact Dermatitis
Symposium - Lasers
Symposium - Pediatric Dermatoses
Symposium - Psoriasis
Symposium - Vesicobullous Disorders
SYMPOSIUM - VITILIGO
Symposium Aesthetic Surgery
Symposium Dermatopathology
Symposium-Hair Disorders
Symposium-Nails Part I
Symposium-Nails-Part II
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis
Tables
Technology
Therapeutic Guideline-IADVL
Therapeutic Guidelines
Therapeutic Guidelines - IADVL
Therapeutics
Therapy
Therapy Letter
Therapy Letters
View Point
Viewpoint
What’s new in Dermatology
View/Download PDF

Translate this page into:

Case Letter
ARTICLE IN PRESS
doi:
10.25259/IJDVL_186_2023

Neonatal Ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome with a novel Claudin-1 (CLDN1) mutation: A report from India

Department of Dermatology, Believers Church Medical College and Hospital, Kuttapuzha, Thiruvalla, India
MedGenome Labs Limited, Bangalore, India

Corresponding author: Dr. Jerene Mathews, Department of Dermatology, Believers Church Medical College and Hospital, Kuttapuzha, Thiruvalla, India. jerenemathews7@gmail.com

Licence
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, transform, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Mathews J, Chandrasekaren A. Neonatal Ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome with a novel Claudin-1 (CLDN1) mutation: a case report from India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol doi 10.25259/IJDVL_186_2023.

Dear Editor,

Mutations in the Claudin-1 (CLDN1, Gene ID: 9076) gene are known to result in the autosomal-recessive neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome (OMIM: 607626). 1 The long-term prognosis depends on the severity of the liver disease, which is partly dependent on the mutation present. 2 Other ichthyoses with neonatal cholestasis include arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis (ARC) syndrome, type 2 Gaucher’s disease, and MEDNIK syndrome (mental retardation, enteropathy, deafness, neuropathy, ichthyosis and keratodermia). 3

An 8-year-old boy, born of a non-consanguineous marriage, in Kerala (India), presented with dry, scaly skin, itching and poor growth of scalp hair since birth. He had cholestasis in the neonatal period, which resolved spontaneously in infancy. There was no history of similar illnesses or infant deaths in the family.

On examination, generalised ichthyosis was noted with medium-sized, dark-brown, adherent scales [Figures 1 and 2]. The central aspect of the face, cubital fossae, popliteal fossae, axillae, palms, soles and nails were spared. The pinnae, neck and pre-auricular area were affected. The scalp hair was short and wiry. Eyebrows, eyelashes and body hair were sparse. Dental enamel was hypoplastic [Figure 3]. The face was elongated with a pear-shaped nose, a bulbous nose-tip and large ears. There was no erythema, ectropion or eclabium. There was no delay in growth, hearing defects, ocular defects or cryptorchidism.

Diffuse scaling over the trunk and upper limbs. Large ears were also present.
Figure 1:
Diffuse scaling over the trunk and upper limbs. Large ears were also present.
Dark-brown, adherent scales over the forearm with relative sparing of the cubital fossa
Figure 2:
Dark-brown, adherent scales over the forearm with relative sparing of the cubital fossa
Hypoplastic dental enamel
Figure 3:
Hypoplastic dental enamel

Ultrasound examination of the abdomen showed course echotexture of the liver. Liver size, biliary radicals, the common bile duct and portal veins were normal. No leucocyte vacuoles were present in a peripheral smear examination. A skin biopsy revealed acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and mild hypogranulosis, but no keratinocyte vacuoles. Liver function tests, TSH and blood sugars were normal. Informed written consent was obtained from the father for genetic testing. An exome-sequencing (MedGenome Labs Ltd., Bangalore) revealed a homozygous single-base-pair deletion in Exon 1 of the CLDN1 gene (NM_021101.5:c.141del), causing a frameshift and premature truncation of the claudin-1 protein downstream to codon 47 (p.Tyr47Ter). The variant was detected at a sequencing depth of 122x and deletion of a guanidine nucleotide was seen in all reads at the chromosomal coordinate chr3:190322066 [Figure 4]. In silico analysis done using Mutation Taster reported the mutation as damaging. In addition, premature protein truncation and loss of function are known disease mechanisms in NISCH syndrome. 2,4,5 This variant is not reported in gnomAD and gnomAD databases. This is a novel nucleotide change. A different nucleotide change, resulting in a similar nonsense change at the protein level (Y47X) has been documented in the ClinVar database [VCV001322095.4]. Sanger validation of the mutation in the patient and genetic testing of the parents were not done because of financial constraints.

Integrated genome viewer image for the base-pair deletion in Exon 1 of the CLDN1 gene (c.141del)
Figure 4:
Integrated genome viewer image for the base-pair deletion in Exon 1 of the CLDN1 gene (c.141del)

Claudin-1 is a component of tight junctions in both the epidermis and bile ducts. Defective tight junctions result in the loss of the barrier function of the epidermis. In the liver, leakage of bile from the biliary canaliculi leads to inflammation, fibrosis and obliteration of the bile ducts. 2

Cases of NISCH syndrome with confirmed CLDN1 mutations have been reported in Morocco (c.200_201delTT), Switzerland (c.358delG), Turkey (c.181CT, p.Gln61X), Iran (c.578CA, p.Tyr159Ter) and India (p.Tyr47Ter). All of these mutations result in a truncated protein. 2,4

Severe liver disease has not been reported with “Swiss” or “Turkish” mutations. In individuals with the “Moroccan” mutation, extremely variable outcomes were described, even within the same family. Some individuals had persistent cholestasis and portal hypertension with/without liver failure, eventually needing a liver transplant in the first/second decade. In others, the cholestasis was transient and resolved, leaving normal liver function. 2,5 In the single case reported from India with a confirmed mutation, cholestasis resolved in infancy. 4

This is the second case of NISCH with a confirmed CLDN1 mutation from India. 4 The mutation detected in our patient has not been reported previously. We report this case to highlight the novel mutation and its clinical outcome.

In view of the variable severity of the hepatic disease, genotype-phenotype correlations are important to provide accurate prognostication for affected families. Because of financial constraints in genetic testing, cases of NISCH in India may be attributed to non-syndromic ichthyoses, especially when cholestasis is transient. However, it is possible that other family members may have ichthyosis with significant liver disease, as phenotypic variation has been reported within families.

Pruritus has been reported infrequently in NISCH and has been attributed to cholestasis. 5 However, our patient had significant pruritus at the age of 8 years without any residual liver disease. The pruritus is probably due to the epidermal barrier defect itself, resulting from defective tight junctions.

Declaration of patient consent

Consent has been obtained from the father for publication, including the attached images.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflict of interest

There are no conflict of interest.

References

  1. , , , , , . Confirmation of the origin of NISCH syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2006;27:408-10.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. , , , , . NISCH syndrome: An extremely rare cause of neonatal cholestasis. J Hepatol. 2020;73:1257-8.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. , , , , , , et al. Diagnostic approach to neonatal and infantile cholestasis: A position paper by the SIGENP liver disease working group. Dig Liver Dis. 2022;54:40-53.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. , , , . NISCH Syndrome as a cause of Neonatal Cholestasis - a case report from India. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12:S79.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. , , , , , , et al. Claudin-1 gene mutations in neonatal sclerosing cholangitis associated with ichthyosis: A tight junction disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1386-90.
    [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Fulltext Views
2,373

PDF downloads
2,039
View/Download PDF
Download Citations
BibTeX
RIS
Show Sections